Jagadish Chandra Bose--BIOGRAPHY

"The great biologist, who showed those plants, too can feel in their own way. Jagadish Chandra Bose saved money he bought a small laboratory and built his equipment; and scientists in Europe and America wondered at his discoveries. A true patriot and a great man." As quoted by Sreemathi Hariprasad. A Bengali physicist from undivided India considered as the father of Bengali science fiction and was the first Indian to get a US patent. His major achievement was to demonstrate the similarity of responses to stimulation between the living and the non-living as well as the fundamental similarity of responses in plant and animal tissues.

Jagadish Chandra Bose was born on the 30th of November 1858 in Mymensingh now it is in Bangladesh. His father Bhagawan Chandra Bose was a man of excellent qualities. Bhagavan Chandra Bose was the Deputy Magistrate of Faridpur and also a respected leader of Brahma Samaj. In 1887, he was married to Abala, daughter of the renowned Brahmo reformer Durga Mohan Das. Earlier, Abala was denied admission to Calcutta Medical College as female students were not accepted in the college then. She went to Madras (now Chennai) in 1882 on Bengal government scholarship to study medicine but had to give up because of ill health. Abala Bose was a social worker well-known for her efforts in the field of women`s education and her contribution towards the poor condition of widows. To the very end of his life Jagadish Chandra Bose was busy with research. He died in November 1937.

As Bhagaban Chandra Bose believed that before studying English one must know his or her mother tongue, Acharya Jagadish Chandra Bose was admitted to a vernacular school at the early stage of his education. Then after he went to Kolkata to began a new chapter in his life at the very tender age of nine. At Kolkata he joined the Hare School in 1869 and then St. Xavier`s school. He was admitted to St.Xavier`s College to study B.A. It was father Eugene Lafont of that college who inspired J.C.Bose a great interest in the study of natural science of Physics.

Jagadish Chandra Bose went to England to study medicine at London University after receiving his B.A in science from Calcutta University in 1879. But he repeatedly fell ill. So he had to discontinue the course. Through the recommendation of Ananda Mohan Bose, his brother-in-law and the first Indian wrangler he then studied Natural Science in Christ Church College, Cambridge. He received the natural science Tripos from Cambridge. He passed the Bachelor of Science Examination of London University also.

Jagadish Chandra Bose was back in India. He joined as the professor of Physics of the Presidency College, Calcutta. The Indian teachers in the college were paid one third of what the British teachers were paid. So Jagadish Chandra Bose refused his salary but worked for three years. He could not even get the scientific instruments he needed for research. This did not continue for long. He was acknowledged and given the full salary.

His was an alert mind, always on the look out for new ideas. To widen his knowledge and discover new things, he wanted to do research. Jagadish Chandra Bose had no laboratory and he did not have the instruments. Presidency College also lacked a proper laboratory. Bose had to conduct his researches in a small 24 square foot room. Sister Nivedita writes, "I was horrified to find the way in which a great worker could be subjected to continuous annoyance and petty difficulties … The college routine was made as arduous as possible for him, so that he could not have the time he needed for investigation." During the British Period nobody was expected to be favoured with a research laboratory or research grants. Bose confronted the circumstances and dominated over them.

The first remarkable aspect of Jagadish Chandra Bose`s microwave research was that he reduced the waves to the millimetre level about 5 mm wavelength. That was within a few octaves of visible light. He knew that long waves were advantageous because of their great penetrative power but realised their disadvantages for studying the light like-properties of those electric waves. One year after Nikola Tesla made the first public demonstration of radio communication in 1893, Jagadish Chandra Bose ignited gunpowder and rang a bell at a distance using microwaves in wavelength in milimetre of range. This was held in a public demonstration in the Town Hall of Calcutta in November 1894, in the presence of Sir William Mackenzie, the Lieutenant Governor. Jagadish Chandra Bose wrote in a Bengali essay, `Adrisya Alok` (Invisible Light), "The invisible light can easily pass through brick walls, buildings etc. Therefore, messages can be transmitted by means of it without the mediation of wires." He can rightly be called the inventor of wireless telegraphy. Bose was the first in the world to fabricate and demonstrate in public this.

Jagadish Chandra Bose went to London on a lecture tour in 1896 and met Marconi, who was conducting wireless experiments for the British post office. In an interview, Bose said he was not interested in commercial telegraphy and others can use his research work. In 1899, Bose announced the development of a "iron-mercury-iron coherer with telephone detector" in a paper presented at the Royal Society, London. From this it appears that Bose`s demonstration of remote wireless signalling has priority over Marconi. Neville Francis Mott, Nobel Laureate in 1977 for his own contributions to solid-state electronics, remarked that "J.C. Bose was at least 60 years ahead of his time" and "In fact, he had anticipated the existence of P-type and N-type semiconductors."

His next contribution to science was in plant physiology. He forwarded a theory for the ascent of sap in plants in 1927. The ascent of sap is the upward movement of water from the root to the top in the transport tissues. According to his theory the pumping action of the living cells in the endodermis junction were responsible for the ascent of sap in plants. His research in plant stimuli were pioneering. He showed with the help of his newly invented `crescograph` that plants responded to various stimuli as if they had nervous systems like that of animals. He therefore found a parallelism between animal and plant tissues. His experiments showed that plants grow faster in pleasant music and its growth delayed in noise or harsh sound.

Jagadish Chandra Bose`s first scientific paper, "On polarisation of electric rays by double-refracting crystals" was communicated to the Asiatic Society of Bengal in May 1895. His second paper was communicated to the Royal Society of London by Lord Rayleigh in October 1895. In December 1895, the London journal the Electrician published Bose`s paper, "On a new electro-polariscope". He`s the first science fiction writer in the Bengali language. In 1896, Bose wrote `Niruddesher Kahini` the first major work in Bangla Science Fiction. Later, he added the story in `Obbakto` book as `Polatok Tufan`.

Jagadish Chandra Bose was not interested in patenting his invention. The Chairman of the Board of Governors of IIT Delhi Dr V S Ramamurthy stressed the attitude of Bose towards patents at a seminar "His reluctance to any form of patenting is well known. It was contained in his letter to Rabindranath Tagore dated May 17, 1901 from London. It was not that Sir Jagadish was unaware of patents and its advantages. He was the first Indian to get a US Patent in 1904. And Sir Jagadish was not alone in his avowed reluctance to patenting. Roentgen, Pierre Curie and many others also chose the path of no patenting on moral grounds." This attitude of Bose towards patents also recorded in his inaugural lecture at the foundation of the Bose Institute, the institute he founded on 30th November 1917.

Sir Jagadish Chandra Bose was honored with `Knighthood` by British governance in the year 1916. He was honored with the fellowship of the Royal Society in 1920 and has been the member of the Vienna Academy of Science. Bose has been the founding fellow of the National Institute of Sciences of India now known as the Indian National Science Academy. The Jagadis Bose National Science Talent Search Institute scholarship program was started in West Bengal to honor the memory of J.C.Bose`s birth centenary in 1958.

It was Jagadish Chandra Bose, an eminent Indian scientist, who explained that plants also suffer pain like us. Though he worked in other fields of science, he is best know for his research into the life of plants. His place in the history has now been re-evaluated. He is now credited with the invention of the first wireless detection device and electromagnetic waves. Sir J.C.Bose is considered as forerunner in the field of biophysics.

JAGADIS CHANDRA BOSE

Sir Jagadis Chandra Bose
Indian plant physiologist and physicist (1858–1937)


Jagadis Chandra Bose born in India in 1858. He received his education first in India, until in 1880 he went to England to study medicine at the University of London. Within a year he moved to Cambridge to take up a scholarship to study Natural Science at Christ's College Cambridge. One of his lecturers at Cambridge was Professor Rayleigh, who clearly had a profound influence on his later work. In 1884 Bose was awarded a B.A. from Cambridge, but also a B.Sc. from London University. Bose then returned to India, taking up a post initially as officiating professor of physics at the Presidency College in Calcutta. Following the example of Lord Rayleigh, Jagadis Bose made extensive use of scientific demonstrations in class; he is reported as being extraordinarily popular and effective as a teacher. Many of his students at the Presidency College were destined to become famous in their own right - for example S.N. Bose, later to become well known for the Bose-Einstein statistics.

A book by Sir Oliver Lodge, "Heinrich Hertz and His Successors," impressed Bose. In 1894, J.C. Bose converted a small enclosure adjoining a bathroom in the Presidency College into a laboratory. He carried out experiments involving refraction, diffraction and polarization. To receive the radiation, he used a variety of different junctions connected to a highly sensitive galvanometer. He plotted in detail the voltage-current characteristics of his junctions, noting their non-linear characteristics. He developed the use of galena crystals for making receivers, both for short wavelength radio waves and for white and ultraviolet light. Patent rights for their use in detecting electromagnetic radiation were granted to him in 1904. In 1954 Pearson and Brattain [14] gave priority to Bose for the use of a semi-conducting crystal as a detector of radio waves. Sir Neville Mott, Nobel Laureate in 1977 for his own contributions to solid-state electronics, remarked [12] that "J.C. Bose was at least 60 years ahead of his time" and "In fact, he had anticipated the existence of P-type and N-type semiconductors."

In 1895 Bose gave his first public demonstration of electromagnetic waves, using them to ring a bell remotely and to explode some gunpowder. In 1896 the Daily Chronicle of England reported: "The inventor (J.C. Bose) has transmitted signals to a distance of nearly a mile and herein lies the first and obvious and exceedingly valuable application of this new theoretical marvel." Popov in Russia was doing similar experiments, but had written in December 1895 that he was still entertaining the hope of remote signalling with radio waves. The first successful wireless signalling experiment by Marconi on Salisbury Plain in England was not until May 1897. The 1895 public demonstration by Bose in Calcutta predates all these experiments. Invited by Lord Rayleigh, in 1897 Bose reported on his microwave (millimeter-wave) experiments to the Royal Institution and other societies in England [8]. The wavelengths he used ranged from 2.5 cm to 5 mm. In his presentation to the Royal Institution in January 1897 Bose speculated [see p.88 of ref.8] on the existence of electromagnetic radiation from the sun, suggesting that either the solar or the terrestrial atmosphere might be responsible for the lack of success so far in detecting such radiation - solar emission was not detected until 1942, and the 1.2 cm atmospheric water vapor absorption line was discovered during experimental radar work in 1944. Figure 1 shows J.C. Bose at the Royal Institution in London in January 1897; Figure 2 shows a matching diagram, with a brief description of the apparatus.

Figure 1. J.C. Bose at the Royal Institution, London, 1897

By about the end of the 19th century, the interests of Bose turned away from electromagnetic waves to response phenomena in plants; this included studies of the effects of electromagnetic radiation on plants, a topical field today. He retired from the Presidency College in 1915, but was appointed Professor Emeritus. Two years later the Bose Institute was founded. Bose was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1920. He died in 1937, a week before his 80th birthday; his ashes are in a shrine at the Bose Institute in Calcutta.

Bose's apparatus demonstrated to the Royal Institution in London in 1897 [8]. Note the waveguide radiator on the transmitter at left, and that the "collecting funnel" (F) is in fact a pyramidal electromagnetic horn antenna, first used by Bose.

BOSE'S APPARATUS

Bose's experiments were carried out at the Presidency College in Calcutta, although for demonstrations he developed a compact portable version of the equipment, including transmitter, receiver and various microwave components. Some of his original equipment still exists, now at the Bose Institute in Calcutta. In 1985 the author was permitted by the Bose Institute to examine and photograph some of this original apparatus.

Fig.3 Bose's diagrams of his radiators. (a) shows the radiator used to generated 5-mm radiation, while (b) shows the arrangement with a lens L at the exit of the waveguide [2]. In some designs the mounting stems for the outer spheres could be inclined to adjust the dimension of the spark gaps.

Figure 3 (a) shows Bose's diagram of one of his radiators, used for generating 5-mm radiation. Oscillation is produced by sparking between 2 hollow hemispheres and the interposed sphere. There is a bead of platinum on the inside surface of each hemisphere. For some experiments, a lens of glass or of sulphur was used to collimate the radiation - the first waveguide-lens antenna. The lens was designed according to the refractive index measured by Bose at the wavelength in use. Figure 3(b) shows Bose's drawing of such a radiator; the sparks occur between the two outer spheres to the inner sphere, at the focal point of the lens L at the right. Bose was able to measure the wavelength of his radiation with a reflecting diffraction grating made of metal strips [7].

4(a)

Figure 4.

4(a) One of Bose's transmitter antennas (being held on the right of the picture). Note the polarizing grid; the spark gap is just visible behind the grid. In the background behind this antenna part of the high voltage equipment used to generate the spark can be seen. At the left of the picture is a receiving horn.

4(b) A closeup of the spark gaps normally mounted inside the transmitting antenna

4(c) A complete setup showing the transmitting antenna at the left, with the receiving antenna at right. Note the adjustment screw on top of the receiving antenna, which is used to adjust the pressure of the point-contact detector (see Fig. 5). In the center is a rotating table (the "spectrometer circle" of Figure 2) on which various microwave components (prisms, lenses, grids, polarizers etc.) may be mounted for study. A dual-prism attenuator (see below) is shown in this photograph. The arrangement as shown is not yet properly aligned.

Figure 4(a) is a photograph of one of his radiating antennas; part of the spark oscillations are generated inside the overmoded circular waveguide. A polarizing grid is built into the antenna, clearly visible at the radiating end of the waveguide. Figure 4(b) shows a closeup of the dual spark gaps used for the transmitter; the sparks are generated between the 2 outer spheres and the inner sphere. Figure 4(c) shows both a transmitting antenna (left) and the receiver (right), with a dual prism in between set on the experimental rotating table.

Figure 5. Two of Bose's point contact detectors, removed from the receiving antennas.

Figure 5 shows two of Bose's point contact detectors. In use, the detector would be placed inside an overmoded waveguide receiving antenna, very much like the transmitting antenna shown in Figure 4, and with a matching polarizing grid.

Bose measured the I-V characteristics of his junctions; an example characteristic curve of a "Single Point Iron Receiver" is shown in Figure 6. The junction consisted of a sharp point of iron, pressing against an iron surface, with pressure capable of fine adjustment. The different curves in Figure 6 correspond to different contact pressures. Bose noted that the junction does not obey Ohm's law, and that there is a knee in the curve at approximately 0.45 volts; the junction becomes most effective at detection of short wavelength radiation when the corresponding bias voltage is applied. He made further measurements on a variety of junctions made of different materials, classifying the different materials into positive or negative classes of substance. In one experiment he noted that increasing the applied voltage to the junction actually decreased the resulting current, implying a negative dynamic resistance [15].

Figure 6. The I-V characteristics measured by Bose for a Single Point Iron Receiver. Note the similarity to modern semiconductor junctions, with a knee voltage of about 0.4 volts.

Another of Bose's short-wavelength detectors is the spiral-spring receiver. A sketch of a receiver used for 5-mm radiation is shown in Figure 7; the spring pressure could be adjusted very finely in order to attain optimum sensitivity. The sensitive surface of the 5-mm receiver was 1 by 2 cm. The device has been described recently [3] as a "space-irradiated multi-contact semiconductor (using the natural oxide of the springs)." A surviving, somewhat larger, spiral spring receiver is shown in the photograph Figure 8. The springs are held in place by a sheet of glass, seen to be partly broken in this example.

Figure 7. Bose's diagram of his spiral-spring receiver used for 5-mm radiation.

Figure 8. One of Bose's free-space radiation receivers, recently described [3] as a "space-irradiated multi-contact semiconductor (using the natural oxide of the springs)." The springs are kept in place in their tray by a sheet of glass, seen to be partly broken in this photograph.

Figure 9 is Bose's diagram of his polarization apparatus. The transmitter is the box at left, and a spiral spring receiver ('R') is visible on the right. One of the polarizers used by Bose was a cut-off metal plate grating, consisting of a book (Bradshaw's Railway Timetable, Figure 10) with sheets of tinfoil interleaved in the pages. Bose was able to demonstrate that even an ordinary book, without the tinfoil, is able to produce polarization of the transmitted beam. The pages act as parallel dielectric sheets separated by a small air gap.

Figure 9. Bose's diagram of his polarization apparatus. Note the spiral spring receiver 'R' to the right.

Figure 10. One of Bose's polarizers was a cut-off metal plate grating, consisting of a book (Bradshaw's Railway Timetable) with sheets of tinfoil interleaved in the pages.

Bose experimented with samples of jute in polarizing experiments. In one experiment, he made a twisted bundle of jute and showed that it could be used to rotate the plane of polarization. The modern equivalent component may be a twisted dielectric waveguide. He further used this to construct a macroscopic molecular model as an analogy to the rotation of polarization produced by liquids like sugar solutions. Figure 11 shows Bose's diagram of the jute twisted-fiber polarization rotator, and Figure 12 is a photograph of a surviving twisted-jute polarizer at the Bose Institute.

Figure 11. Bose's diagram of twisted-Jute polarization elements, used to simulate macroscopically the polarization effect of a certain sugar solutions.

Figure 12. One of the twisted-jute polarizers used by Bose.

THE DOUBLE-PRISM ATTENUATOR

Bose's investigations included measurement of refractive index of a variety of substances. He made dielectric lenses and prisms; examples are visible in Figures 1 and 2.

Figure 13. Bose's 1897 diagram of the double-prism attenuator.

One investigation involved measurement of total internal reflection inside a dielectric prism, and the effect of a small air gap between two identical prisms. When the prisms are widely separated, total internal reflection takes place and the incident radiation is reflected inside the dielectric. When the 2 prisms touch, radiation propagates unhindered through both prisms. By introducing a small air gap, the combination becomes a variable attenuator to incident radiation; this is illustrated in Bose's original diagram, shown in Figure 13. Bose investigated this prism attenuator experimentally; his results were published in the Proceedings of the Royal Society in November, 1897 [8]. Schaefer and Gross [16] made a theoretical study of the prism combination in 1910; the device has since been described in standard texts.

Figure 14. One of Bose's original double-prism attenuators, with adjustable air gap.

At the National Radio Astronomy Observatory in Tucson, Arizona a new multiple-feed receiver, operating at a wavelength of 1.3 mm, has recently been built and installed on the 12 Meter Telescope at Kitt Peak [17]. The system is an 8-feed receiver, where the local oscillator is injected into the superconducting tunnel junction (SIS) mixers optically. With an SIS mixer receiver the power level of the injected local oscillator is critical; each of the 8 mixers requires independent local oscillator power adjustment. This is achieved by adjustable prism attenuators. Figure 15 shows 4 of these 8 prism attenuators, installed on one side of the 8-feed system; this can be compared with Figure 14, which is a photograph taken at the Bose Institute in Calcutta in 1985, of an original prism system built by Bose.

Figure 15. Four of the 8 double-prism attenuators used to control local oscillator injection into the NRAO 1.3-mm 8-beam receiver in use at the 12 Meter Telescope at Kitt Peak.

CONCLUSIONS

Research into the generation and detection of millimeter waves, and the properties of substances at these wavelengths, was being undertaken in some detail one hundred years ago, by J.C. Bose in Calcutta. Many of the microwave components familiar today - waveguide, horn antennas, polarizers, dielectric lenses and prisms, and even semiconductor detectors of electromagnetic radiation - were invented and used in the last decade of the nineteenth century. At about the end of the nineteenth century, many of the workers in this area simply became interested in other topics. Attention of the wireless experimenters of the time became focused on much longer wavelengths which eventually, with the help of the then unknown ionosphere, were able to support signalling at very much greater distances.

Although it appears that Bose's demonstration of remote wireless signalling has priority over Marconi, he was the first to use a semiconductor junction to detect radio waves, and he invented various now commonplace microwave components, outside of India he is rarely given the deserved recognition. Further work at millimeter wavelengths was almost nonexistent for nearly 50 years. J.C. Bose was at least this much ahead of his time.

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

I wish to thank the Bose Institute in Calcutta for help with material, and for permission in 1985 to photograph some of the original equipment of J.C. Bose, including the photographs shown from Figures 4 to 14 in this article. I thank Mrs. Nancy Clarke for help in preparing the manuscript.